CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION OF X CONSORTIUM, INC. FIRST. The name of the corporation is X Consortium, Inc. (the "Corporation"). SECOND. The registered office of the Corporation in the State of Delaware is 1209 Orange Street in the City of Wilmington, County of New Castle, Delaware, 19801. The name of its registered agent at such address is The Corporation Trust Company. THIRD. The nature of the business or purposes to be conducted or promoted by the Corporation is to engage in any lawful act or activity for which corporations which are organized not for profit may be organized under the General Corporation Law of Delaware. The specific purpose of the Corporation is fostering the development, evolution and maintenance of the X Window System, a vendor-neutral, system- architecture neutral, network-transparent windowing and user interface standard, and performing related research and experimentation in, and implementation of, open systems standards and technology. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Board of Directors elects to seek and obtains an exemption from Federal taxation for the Corporation pursuant to Section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (hereinafter, the "Code"), and until such time, if ever, as such exemption is denied or lost, the Corporation shall not be empowered to engage directly or indirectly in any activity that it believes would be likely to invalidate its status as an organization exempt from federal income taxation under Section 501(a) of the Code as an organization described in Section 501(c) of the Code. FOURTH. Except as provided in this Section, no part of the net earnings of the Corporation shall inure to the benefit of, or be distributable to, its Members, Directors, officers or other private persons, except that the Corporation shall be authorized and empowered to pay reasonable compensation for services rendered and to make payments and distributions in furtherance of the purposes herein set forth. FIFTH. The Board of Directors of the Corporation shall be, and shall possess all of the powers of, the "Governing Body" of the Corporation as a not-for-profit membership corporation under Delaware General Corporation Law. SIXTH. In the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the affairs of the Corporation (whether voluntary or by operation of law, the Board of Directors will, after paying or making any provision for the payment of all liabilities of the Corporation, distribute all of the assets of the Corporation as it sees fit, consistently with the contractual obligations of the Corporation. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Corporation is exempt from Federal taxation pursuant to Section 501(a) of the Code at the time of any such liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the affairs of the Corporation, then the Board of Directors shall make such distribution in such manner as the Board of Directors may determine to be best suited to the accomplishment of the purposes of the Corporation as set forth in the Third Article hereof and within the intent of Section 501(c)(6) of the Code, but in no event to any individual or to any private for- profit firm or corporation. SEVENTH. The Corporation shall be a membership corporation and shall not have the authority to issue capital stock. The conditions of membership in the Corporation shall be as stated in the by-laws of the Corporation, as from time to time amended. EIGHTH. All voting power of the Members of the Corporation shall be vested in the Voting Members, as defined in the By-laws of the Corporation, and no other class of Member shall be entitled to vote, in person, by proxy or otherwise, at any meeting of Members or upon any matter submitted to the Members for a vote. Each Voting Member shall have one vote with respect to any meeting of Members or upon any matter submitted to the Members for a vote. NINTH. The name and mailing address of the sole incorporator is as follows: Name Mailing Address Andrew Updegrove Lucash, Gesmer & Updegrove One McKinley Square Boston, MA 02109 TENTH. The Corporation is to have perpetual existence. ELEVENTH. In furtherance and not in limitation of the powers conferred by the laws of the State of Delaware: A. The Board of Directors of the Corporation is expressly authorized to adopt, amend or repeal the by-laws of the Corporation. B. Elections of Directors need not be by written ballot unless the by-laws of the Corporation so provide. C. The books of the Corporation may be kept at such place within or without the State of Delaware as the by-laws of the Corporation may provide or as may be designated from time to time by the Board of Directors of the Corporation. D. Any action required or permitted to be taken by the Board of Directors may be taken without a meeting and without prior notice if a majority of Directors then in office (or such greater number of Directors as may be required by law or the by- laws of the Corporation for the taking of any such action at a meeting) consent thereto in writing, and the writing or writings are filed with the minutes of proceedings of the Board of Directors, provided that: (i) such written consent shall have been sent simultaneously to all Directors then in office for their consideration; (ii) prompt written notice of any action so taken is given to those Directors who have not consented in writing; and (iii) (except as provided for below) two or more such Directors have not objected to the taking of any such action by written notice delivered to the Consortium within ten business days following the date that written notice of the Directors action is mailed or otherwise delivered to such Directors. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the ability of two or more non-consenting Directors to prevent the taking of an action by written consent under clause (D)(iii) of this Eleventh Article shall: (a) not prevent any such action from being taken at a later date at an actual meeting of the Board of Directors; and (b) not exist where the action in question is to confirm the making of an amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation for a second time (as required by Delaware General Corporation Law) after previously having been approved at an actual meeting of the Board of Directors. E. Any consent required to be given in writing by law, this Certificate of Incorporation or the by-laws may be given in the form of a document manually executed and transmitted by telecopy or other electronic facsimile delivery method. TWELFTH. The Corporation eliminates the personal liability of each member of the Board of Directors to the Corporation or the Members for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a Director, provided that the foregoing shall not eliminate the liability of a Director (i) for any breach of such Director's duty of loyalty to the Corporation or the Members, (ii) for acts or omissions not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law, (iii) under Section 174 of Title 8 of the Delaware Code or (iv) for any transaction from which such Director derived an improper personal benefit. THIRTEENTH. The Corporation reserves the right to amend or repeal any provision contained in this Certificate of Incorporation, in the manner now or hereafter prescribed by statute, and all rights conferred upon each Member herein are granted subject to this reservation. THE UNDERSIGNED, being the sole incorporator, for the purpose of forming a corporation under the General Corporation law of the State of Delaware, does make, file and record this Certificate of Incorporation, does certify that the facts herein stated are true and, accordingly, has hereto set his hand this 12th day of May, 1993. Andrew Updegrove Sole Incorporator